Diabetes mellitus belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. The pathology develops in the event of violation of the production or action on the tissues of insulin - the hormone of the pancreas islet, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycaemia) and in the urine (glycosuria).
A long violation of glucose disposal leads to a disturbance of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the Isolotto system often proceeds with different gravity for disorders from other organs and systems. Disarm of small vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system are characteristic.
Generally, diabetes mellitus has quite pronounced metabolism deviations and is easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the initial and preclinical phase when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. This requires an intentional study in depth. Identification of the disease in the early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention prevention.
If you have to undergo a complete exam for endocrinopathy or you are looking for where to treat diabetes mellitus only to professional doctors. Patient services have endocrinologists and laboratory experience with modern diagnostic equipment for high precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This disease is characterized by a series of complaints and objective characteristics detected by the laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are quite different. Separate signs or group of symptoms that may indicate the disease include:
- Specific metabolic disorders: change of body weight, thirst, increase in urination, constant feeling of hunger;
- Non -specific general complaints - loss of strength, fatigue with minor loads, sleepiness, muscle weakness;
- dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
- Often recurring bubbles, healing of slow injuries;
- Painful dry faucacy, a sensation of swelling of the oral mucosa;
- poor condition of the teeth, inappropriate to age;
- Neuriti with compromised peripheral sensitivity;
- change in sexual and reproductive functions - loss of attraction, infertility, birth of great children;
- defeat of the organs of vision;
- Complaints from the cardiovascular system.
Often the symptoms do not cause anxiety to the patient and does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes any manifestation of the disease are absent and hyperglycaemia is found only with a planned examination.
The most characteristic of the pathology of the Isolotto system are complaints from the metabolic:
- Polyuria (rapid urination). With hypoinsulinism, urine isolation often occurs in large quantities. His daily volumes exceed 3 liters. The daytime urination prevails, without pain.
- Polydipsy (thirst). The increase in thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of drunk fluid exceeds 3 liters. Often, patients prefer sugary drinks to extinct thirst.
- Change of weight. A decrease in body weight is due to the loss of liquid, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Excess weight can precede the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyphagi (increase in appetite). Preference is given to sweet foods rich in carbohydrate. In the initial phase of the disease, hunger manifests itself more often in the form of painful convulsions.
If there are pathological signs in the hospital for diabetics or a diagnostic center for an intentional examination.
Factors that influence the development of diabetes mellitus
In diabetes development mechanisms, two key points are distinguished, on the basis of which the disease is divided into types:
- Low production of insulin intra -cecreatic cells.
- Violation of the hormone ability to act on the body, the immunity of cells to insulin.
In the case of insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the Langganes islands (intra -regional pancreatic cells). This occurs due to autoimmune processes in the body: antibodies to insulin, secretory cellular structures and enzymes are produced.
Provocative factors in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:
- viral infections;
- violation of nutrition during pregnancy, during nutrition;
- unfavorable environmental situation;
- Stress action.
Type 1 diabetes is most often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when the death of the Intra -regional cells reaches more than 80%. The disease proceeds with a high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of fabric receptors to the action of insulin. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of these violations is associated with the initially lower insulin structure (hereditary predisposition) or to acquired changes, following which the signal transmission from receptors to the internal structures of the cell is violated.
Cause the development of type 2 disease can:
- improper diet, excess of food;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- hypertension;
- alcohol abuse;
- age -related changes;
- obesity;
- Uncontrolled drugs.
Diagnostic diagnostic methods
According to statistics, about 2, 5% of the population around the world suffers from diabetes. The number of people with a latent path or predisposed to the disease is much more. Over time, identified hyperglycaemia allows you to prevent serious complications.
The main method for diagnosing the disorder are laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of compromised metabolism is an increase in blood sugar on an empty stomach by over 6, 1 mmol/l and 2 hours after meals - over 11, 1 mmol/l. With Dubbie results, a glucosotollente test is used.
People under the age of 45 are recommended to examine the blood sugar level at least every 3 years. A year is necessary a screening exam for people at risk:
- obesity;
- age after 45 years;
- hereditary predisposition;
- Increase in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Patients from the risk group and with an already identified disease need a more in -depth study by laboratory and instrumental methods. The equipment in centers or clinics in the treatment of diabetes complies with world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offer various diabetes treatment programs aimed at identifying metabolic disorders and complications in the early stages. They include:
- Biochemical blood test (all the necessary indicators: glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- Urine analysis;
- inspection of an ophthalmologist;
- Duplex scan of the main arteries of the head;
- Endocrinologist consultation.
Of particular importance is the study of the level of glycated hemoglobin in the blood for long-term control over glucose (in the last 2-3 months) and on the quality of the quality of the therapy. The test is included in the standard of specialized care and should be performed to all patients with diabetes every 3 months.
The methodology for determining this indicator requires high quality equipment and data interpretation. At the center of diabetes treatment, the modern laboratory equipment allows you to monitor the results with high precision, without the need for re -analysis. Patients' services have expert specialists, a large profile of diagnostic ability, the latest research and treatment technologies.
Diabetes treatment methods
There are no effective ways to completely cure. Very often, the treatment of diabetes is reduced to the achievement of stable indicators of the level of glucose in the blood, the prevention of late complications and the normalization of the spectrum of lipid blood and the level of blood pressure.
All patients need to adhere to a diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates, to balance the protein ratio (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The caloric food content must correspond to physical activity. In slight cases, it is possible to obtain compensation for the pathology using a diet.
All patients are trained in car -contollo. The level of capillary blood sugar is determined by the patient himself using portable glucometers. Long -term monitoring of the indicators and the effectiveness of therapy are controlled by an endocrinologist.
Pharmacological treatment includes the intake of oral graphic agents and insulin therapy. Indications for replacement therapy with insulin:
- All patients with type 1 diabetes;
- inefficiency of other types of treatment;
- Signs of decompention of metabolic disorders;
- ketoacidosis;
- intolerance to agents who greet oral sugar;
- Remote pancreas.
Criteria for compensation for metabolic disorders:
- The level of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%.
- Blood glucose on an empty stomach without a stomach of 5, 0-6, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood sugar after 2 hours after eating less than 8-10 mmol/l.
- Glicemia before going to bed - less than 7, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - Less than 4, 8 mmol/l.
- Triglycerides, without 1, 7-1, 8 mmol/l.
- Arterial pressure - Less than 130/80 mm Hg. pillar.
An important condition for adequate control over the disease is the choice of an expert specialist. If you need to undergo an exam or a diabetes treatment in the hospital, you carefully choose clinics that offer quality and professional services.